{"id":9435,"date":"2025-03-13T06:11:04","date_gmt":"2025-03-12T22:11:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fanyiming.life\/?p=9435"},"modified":"2025-12-21T01:03:58","modified_gmt":"2025-12-20T17:03:58","slug":"%e9%81%93%e5%be%b7%e7%9a%84%e6%9c%ac%e8%b4%a8%e6%98%af%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%ef%bc%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fanyiming.life\/?p=9435","title":{"rendered":"\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u8f6c\u8f7d\u58f0\u660e\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u8f6c\u8f7d\u81ea\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7&#8221;\u5927\u95ee\u9898Dialectic&#8221;\u3002\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/qMtuzddR1f8r3vcw6ZrXBQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/qMtuzddR1f8r3vcw6ZrXBQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u539f\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\u62e5\u6709\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\u548c\u7248\u6743\u3002\u5982\u9700\u8f6c\u8f7d\u6216\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u8bf7\u8054\u7cfb\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u83b7\u5f97\u6388\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u611f\u8c22&#8221;\u5927\u95ee\u9898Dialectic&#8221;\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7cbe\u5f69\u5185\u5bb9\uff01<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u671f\u8981\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u603b\u5e0c\u671b\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5584\u6076\u5bf9\u9519\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u6765\u9053\u5fb7\u8bc4\u5224\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u636e\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc4\u5224\u8bf4\uff1a\u6ee5\u6740\u65e0\u8f9c\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u6b20\u503a\u8fd8\u94b1\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u6b3a\u8bc8\u4ed6\u4eba\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u8bda\u5b9e\u5b88\u4fe1\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u6027\u9a9a\u6270\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u5c0a\u91cd\u5973\u6027\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9053\u5fb7\u8bc4\u5224\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5e73\u65f6\u4e0a\u7f51\u7559\u8a00\u3001\u89c2\u770b\u5f71\u89c6\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u6211\u4eec\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u4eec\u89c1\u5f97\u591a\u4e86\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4f1a\u60ca\u5947\u5730\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u5173\u4e8e\u5584\u6076\u5bf9\u9519\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u539f\u5219\u7684\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u6b67\u89c6\u5973\u6027\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u73b0\u5728\u4e0a\u7f51\u53d1\u8868\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e26\u6709\u6b67\u89c6\u5973\u6027\u610f\u5473\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u7acb\u9a6c\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u7fa4\u8d77\u800c\u653b\u4e4b\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u906d\u5230\u5973\u62f3\u4f3a\u5019\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7e41\u8363\u7684\u5b8b\u4ee3\uff0c\u636e\u79f0\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u6700\u5f00\u653e\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u662f\u8981\u88f9\u5c0f\u811a\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u9519\u7684\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5973\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u6b23\u7136\u63a5\u53d7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u518d\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u8fb9\u7684\u4eba\u4f1a\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c\u4ee3\u5b55\u662f\u8fdd\u6cd5\u7684\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u5408\u4e4e\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u5265\u524a\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u8fdd\u53cd\u6bcd\u4eb2\u548c\u5b69\u5b50\u5929\u7136\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u5929\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6709\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4ee3\u5b55\u5c45\u7136\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ee3\u5b55\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u597d\u50cf\u975e\u5e38\u5bbd\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u5f88\u5947\u602a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u5206\u6b67\u592a\u591a\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u8fb9\u7684\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c06\u79bb\u4e16\u7684\u4eb2\u4eba\u571f\u846c\u662f\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5c45\u7136\u8981\u628a\u4eb2\u4eba\u7684\u9057\u4f53\u7ed9\u5403\u6389\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u8fb9\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u592b\u4e00\u59bb\u5236\u662f\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u4e00\u4e2a\u7537\u4eba\u5374\u53ef\u4ee5\u5a36\u56db\u4e2a\u8001\u5a46\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u521a\u521a\u8bf4\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5206\u6b67\u4f60\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u662f\u5404\u5730\u7684\u98ce\u4fd7\u4e60\u60ef\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5173\u4e8e\u6740\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5728\u591a\u6570\u6587\u5316\u90fd\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u72e9\u730e-\u91c7\u96c6\u90e8\u843d\u4e5f\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u2014\u2014\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u5e74\u7537\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u662f\u51ed\u501f\u4ed6\u6740\u6b7b\u4e86\u591a\u5c11\u4e2a\u4eba\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u7684\uff0c\u53eb\u505a&#8221;\u51fa\u8349&#8221;\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u6740\u8fc7\u4eba\u7684\u7537\u6027\u4f1a\u88ab\u6b67\u89c6\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5973\u4eba\u539f\u610f\u8ddf\u4ed6\u7ed3\u5a5a\u3002\u6740\u4eba\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u5c45\u7136\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u9f13\u52b1\u548c\u8d5e\u626c\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u90a3\u8fd9\u662f\u5426\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u6740\u4eba\u8fd9\u6761\u89c4\u77e9\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u7684\u6587\u5316\uff1f\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u513f\u6740\u4eba\u662f\u88ab\u7981\u6b62\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u65c5\u884c\u5230\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u610f\u6740\u4eba\u4e86\u5417\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e48\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u7a76\u7adf\u8fd8\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u4e16\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u3001\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u9053\u5fb7\u6ca1\u6709\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u610f\u5473\u7740\u9053\u5fb7\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u6b66\u65ad\u4efb\u610f\u7684\uff1f\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u5c31\u7275\u6d89\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6839\u672c\u95ee\u9898\uff1aWhy be moral\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd8\u8981\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4eba\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u9053\u5fb7\u6ca1\u6709\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u9075\u5b88\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u505a\u5bf9\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53bb\u505a\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u4e8b\uff1f\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u826f\u5fc3\u4f7f\u7136\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u754f\u60e7\u4e0a\u5929\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u907f\u514d\u5229\u76ca\u4e0a\u7684\u635f\u5931\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u521a\u521a\u8bf4\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u672c\u671f\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u8282\u76ee\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5584\u6076\u5bf9\u9519\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u666e\u4e16\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5404\u5f02\u7684\uff1f\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u4eba\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5e94\u5f53\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\uff1f\u800c\u60f3\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u56de\u5230\u90a3\u4e2a\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u672c\u671f\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u8282\u76ee\u7684\u9009\u9898\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1fWhat is Morality\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1fThe essence of morality<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>1.\u5584\u6076\u5bf9\u9519\u662f\u666e\u4e16\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5404\u5f02\u7684\uff1f<br>2.\u4eba\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5e94\u5f53\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e3a\u4e86\u63a2\u8ba8\u6e05\u695a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u672c\u671f\u8282\u76ee\u5c06\u4f1a\u6709\u56db\u4e2a\u6d3e\u522b\u6765\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u8fd9\u56db\u4e2a\u6d3e\u522b\u5206\u522b\u662f\uff1a\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u963f\u594e\u90a3\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u795e\u547d\u8bba\uff0c\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\uff0c\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u68ee\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u9053\u91d1\u65af\u7b49\u4eba\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u963f\u594e\u90a3\u795e\u547d\u8bba<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u68ee\u60c5\u611f\u4e3b\u4e49<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u9053\u91d1\u65af\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u963f\u594e\u90a3\u795e\u547d\u8bba<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u963f\u594e\u90a3\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e00\u79cd\u795e\u547d\u8bba\uff08Divine Command Theory\uff09\u3002\u795e\u547d\u8bba\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u5f8b\u4ee4\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6ee5\u6740\u65e0\u8f9c\u5c31\u662f\u9519\u7684\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6b20\u503a\u8fd8\u94b1\u5c31\u662f\u5929\u7ecf\u5730\u4e49\u7684\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6216\u8bb8\u6709\u4eba\u5f88\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u795e\u547d\u8bba\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u96be\u4e0d\u6210\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u8005\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u8bb2\u9053\u5fb7\u4e86\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u9700\u8981\u6f84\u6e05\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u795e\u547d\u8bba\u91cc\u9762\u8bf4\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a&#8221;\u4e0a\u5e1d&#8221;\u505a\u5bbd\u6cdb\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bf4\u7684&#8221;\u8001\u5929\u7237&#8221;\u6216\u8005&#8221;\u5929\u9053&#8221;\u3002\u6b63\u6240\u8c13&#8221;\u4e3e\u5934\u4e09\u5c3a\u6709\u795e\u660e&#8221;\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u8bf4\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8981\u6709\u656c\u754f\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ed6\u624d\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e3a\u6076\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9053\u5fb7\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a&#8221;\u4e0a\u5e1d&#8221;\u5f53\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u683c\u5316\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u4f5c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u81ea\u7136\u795e\u8bba\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u795e\u547d\u8bba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89c2\u5c31\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff1a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5bf9\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u9519\u4e4b\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u81ea\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219\u5c31\u50cf\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5219\u4e00\u6837\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u666e\u904d\u7684\u3002\u6ee5\u6740\u65e0\u8f9c\u5c31\u662f\u9519\u7684\uff0c\u6b20\u503a\u8fd8\u94b1\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u603b\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u5929\u7ecf\u5730\u4e49\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8868\u8fbe\u5b83\u5c31\u50cf\u7269\u7406\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e00\u6837\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u81ea\u5728\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u7b26\u5408\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u89c9\u5f97\u4e0d\u5e94\u5f53\u6ee5\u6740\u65e0\u8f9c\uff0c\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u89c9\u5f97\u6c34\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ece\u4f4e\u5904\u6d41\u5411\u9ad8\u5904\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u67d0\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6ca1\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\u6740\u4eba\u72af\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53bb\u6740\u4eba\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ee5\u6740\u65e0\u8f9c\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ee5\u67d0\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u5728\u6cd5\u6761\u4e0a\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u6587\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u8f6c\u79fb\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u4e0d\u8bb8\u6ee5\u6740\u65e0\u8f9c\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u4f1a\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c45\u7136\u548c\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u800c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u662f\u91ce\u86ee\u843d\u540e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u7531\u8fd9\u4e2a\u795e\u547d\u8bba\u5c31\u6d3e\u751f\u51fa\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\uff08Natural 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of 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by Agreement\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u662f&#8221;\u5546\u91cf\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u9053\u5fb7&#8221;\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u54e5\u68af\u5c14\u5bf9\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u8bbe\u5b9a\u548c\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u8bf4\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u81ea\u79c1\u81ea\u5229\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u81ea\u79c1\u81ea\u5229\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u4e0d\u8981\u76f4\u63a5\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u5408\u4e4e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u54e5\u68af\u5c14\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bb2\u7684\u7406\u6027\uff08Reason\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u795e\u547d\u8bba\u8bb2\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u5eb7\u5fb7\u8bb2\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u54e5\u68af\u5c14\u8bb2\u7684\u7406\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5de5\u5177\u7406\u6027\uff08Instrumental Reason\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u7b56\u7565\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u6ee1\u8db3\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u7b56\u7565\u6289\u62e9\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u6027\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u6d3b\u5f97\u597d\u4e0d\u597d\uff0c\u80fd\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6ee1\u8db3\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fbe\u6210\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u54e5\u68af\u5c14\u7528\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\uff08Prisoner&#8217;s Dilemma\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u6765\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u6700\u5927\u5316\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u6700\u5927\u5316\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u8ffd\u6c42\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u632b\u8d25\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u5927\u5bb6\u5e94\u8be5\u6bd4\u8f83\u719f\u6089\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6709\u7532\u4e59\u4e24\u4e2a\u5acc\u7591\u72af\u88ab\u8b66\u5bdf\u6293\u4f4f\u4e86\uff0c\u5206\u5f00\u5355\u72ec\u5ba1\u95ee\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4eba\u5411\u8b66\u65b9\u8ba4\u7f6a\u5e76\u68c0\u4e3e\u63ed\u53d1\u5bf9\u65b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u80cc\u53db\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u65b9\u5219\u4fdd\u6301\u6c89\u9ed8\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u62db\u4f9b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c06\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u7acb\u529f\u8868\u73b0\u800c\u7acb\u5373\u83b7\u91ca\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u65b9\u5219\u56e0\u4e3a\u6297\u62d2\u4ece\u4e25\u4f1a\u88ab\u5224\u521110\u5e74\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u4fdd\u6301\u6c89\u9ed8\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7532\u4e59\u53cc\u65b9\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u79cd\u5408\u4f5c\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8c01\u4f9b\u51fa\u5bf9\u65b9\uff0c\u5219\u8b66\u65b9\u7531\u4e8e\u8bc1\u636e\u4e0d\u8db3\u53ea\u80fd\u5c06\u4e24\u4eba\u5747\u5224\u534a\u5e74\u5211\u3002\u800c\u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4eba\u90fd\u4e92\u76f8\u80cc\u53db\u3001\u4e92\u76f8\u68c0\u4e3e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u52245\u5e74\u5211\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5acc\u7591\u72af\uff0c\u5bf9\u4f60\u800c\u8a00\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5f53\u7136\u5c31\u662f\u68c0\u4e3e\u63ed\u53d1\u5bf9\u65b9\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f60\u600e\u4e48\u505a\u5bf9\u4f60\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u6700\u6709\u5229\u7684\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5bf9\u65b9\u91c7\u53d6\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u8981\u4e48\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u65b9\u54ac\u6b7b\u4e0d\u653e\u6ca1\u628a\u4f60\u4f9b\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f60\u80af\u5b9a\u8981\u9009\u62e9\u628a\u5bf9\u65b9\u4f9b\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u4f60\u5c31\u80fd\u7acb\u5373\u91ca\u653e\u4e86\u3002\u8981\u4e48\uff0c\u5bf9\u65b9\u4e5f\u628a\u4f60\u4f9b\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f60\u4e5f\u6700\u597d\u628a\u5bf9\u65b9\u4e5f\u4f9b\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5426\u5219\u4f60\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u90a3\u4e2a\u88ab\u51fa\u5356\u5374\u8fd8\u66ff\u4ed6\u6321\u4e8b\u513f\u7684\u51a4\u5927\u5934\u4e86\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u88ab\u522410\u5e74\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u65e0\u8bba\u5bf9\u65b9\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u628a\u4f60\u4f9b\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u7b56\u7565\u90fd\u662f\u628a\u5bf9\u65b9\u4f9b\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u60f3\u7684\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u9009\u62e9\u80cc\u53db\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u662f\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u88ab\u5224\u4e865\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f46\u8fd9\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\u4e86\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u6574\u4f53\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6700\u4f73\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u54ac\u6b7b\u4e0d\u653e\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u8b66\u65b9\u53ea\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bc1\u636e\u4e0d\u8db3\u53ea\u80fd\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5224\u534a\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u624d\u662f\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u7ed3\u5c40\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ea\u662f\u4ece\u76f4\u63a5\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u6700\u5927\u5316\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u53cd\u800c\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e0d\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5bf9\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u6700\u5927\u5316\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u8ffd\u6c42\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u632b\u8d25\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u6709\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1f\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u89c4\u77e9\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u89c4\u77e9\u5c31\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4f60\u5bf9\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u8bc9\u6c42\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u632b\u8d25\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u90a3\u600e\u4e48\u7834\u9664\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\uff1f\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u8ba2\u7acb\u5951\u7ea6\u5efa\u7acb\u89c4\u77e9\u3002\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e24\u4eba\u4e8b\u5148\u8ba2\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u5951\u7ea6\uff0c\u7ea6\u597d\u5982\u679c\u88ab\u8b66\u5bdf\u6293\u4f4f\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u80cc\u53db\u5bf9\u65b9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7ea6\u597d\u4e86\u90fd\u8981\u4fdd\u6301\u6c89\u9ed8\u4e0d\u8ba4\u7f6a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u53cd\u800c\u624d\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u6ee1\u8db3\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8fdd\u53cd\u5951\u7ea6\u628a\u6211\u4f9b\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u5f53\u573a\u91ca\u653e\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5360\u522b\u4eba\u4fbf\u5b9c\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u642d\u4fbf\u8f66\u7684\u4eba\uff08Free Rider\uff09\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4f60\u8fd9\u6b21\u80fd\u5360\u5f97\u4e86\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u4fbf\u5b9c\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4f60\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u8fdd\u7ea6\u4e86\uff0c\u4ee5\u540e\u5c31\u6ca1\u4eba\u8ddf\u4f60\u7b7e\u7ea6\u4e86\uff0c\u6ca1\u4eba\u8ddf\u4f60\u5408\u4f5c\u4e86\u3002\u4f60\u88ab\u8feb&#8221;\u9000\u5708&#8221;\uff0c\u800c\u9000\u5708\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5408\u4f5c\u6bd4\u8d77\u5404\u8fc7\u5404\u7684\u80fd\u7ed9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e26\u6765\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u53d7\u76ca\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u8981\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u6709\u89c4\u77e9\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u603b\u6709\u4eba\u6279\u8bc4\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8ba9\u4eba\u9053\u5fb7\u6ca6\u4e27\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u57ce\u91cc\u4eba\u90fd\u6ca1\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u800c\u4e61\u4e0b\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u6700\u6df3\u6734\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u54e5\u68af\u5c14\u4f1a\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\uff0c\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u673a\u5236\u53d1\u8fbe\uff0c\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u5408\u4f5c\u5145\u5206\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u66f4\u8bb2\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5927\u5bb6\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u8d8a\u662f\u5728\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u91cc\u9762\uff0c\u4f60\u5bf9\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u8d8a\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8fc7\u5206\u63d0\u9632\u3002\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u5728\u6709\u4e9b\u5e02\u573a\u673a\u5236\u4e0d\u53d1\u8fbe\u3001\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5145\u5206\u5408\u4f5c\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u88ab\u9053\u5fb7\u5730\u5bf9\u5f85\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u57ce\u91cc\u4eba\u5c31\u6bd4\u4e61\u4e0b\u4eba\u5929\u6027\u4e0a\u66f4\u5584\u826f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bf4\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u8ba9\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5145\u5206\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u8d8a\u662f\u552f\u5229\u662f\u56fe\u7684\u4eba\u8d8a\u662f\u4f1a\u9075\u5b88\u9053\u5fb7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6839\u672c\u8bc9\u6c42\u5c31\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8ba9\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ee5\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\uff08\u7b80\u5355\u8bf4\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u79c1\u81ea\u5229\uff09\u7684\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u9075\u5b88\u9053\u5fb7\u5951\u7ea6\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6218\u672f\u6027\u7684\u4e0d\u81ea\u79c1\u6700\u7ec8\u53cd\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u6ee1\u8db3\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u59a5\u534f\uff0c\u4ece\u76f4\u63a5\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u9000\u56de\u5230\u81ea\u6211\u8ba9\u6b65\u3002\u4ee5\u9000\u4e3a\u8fdb\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5728\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e5f\u517c\u987e\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u6837\u884c\u52a8\u53cd\u800c\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u3001\u66f4\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0cwhy be moral\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u9075\u5b88\u9053\u5fb7\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u9075\u5b88\u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e0d\u9075\u5b88\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u987e\u53ca\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u50bb\u74dc\u3002\u5728\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u8005\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728&#8221;\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u574f\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u8822&#8221;\u7684\u4e8c\u9009\u4e00\u2014\u2014\u8822\u5c31\u662f\u574f\uff0c\u574f\u5c31\u662f\u8822\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u90a3\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u4e16\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6807\u51c6\uff1f\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u65e0\u6240\u8c13\u627f\u8ba4\u6216\u5426\u8ba4\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7ed9\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u5546\u91cf\u7ea6\u5b9a\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u68ee\u60c5\u611f\u4e3b\u4e49<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7ea6\u5b9a\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u60c5\u611f\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08Emotivism\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0d\u662f\u7ea6\u5b9a\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u611f\u662f\u4eba\u5929\u751f\u5c31\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5929\u751f\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u6ee5\u6740\u65e0\u8f9c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u672c\u6765\u65e0\u6240\u8c13\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6ee5\u6740\u65e0\u8f9c\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8ddf\u4eba\u5546\u91cf\u53d1\u73b0\u6211\u4eec\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u6ee5\u6740\u65e0\u8f9c\u80fd\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u5e26\u6765\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u7ea6\u597d\u4e86\u4e0d\u6ee5\u6740\u65e0\u8f9c\u3002\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u7528\u8ddf\u6211\u5546\u91cf\uff0c\u6211\u5929\u751f\u5c31\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u6ee5\u6740\u65e0\u8f9c\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6ca1\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\u6740\u4eba\u72af\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6ee5\u6740\u65e0\u8f9c\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6740\u4eba\u662f\u8ba9\u6211\u611f\u5230\u538c\u6076\u548c\u6076\u5fc3\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u611f\u672c\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u60c5\u611f\u4e3b\u4e49\u6765\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\uff1f\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u611f\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u8bf4&#8221;\u540c\u6027\u604b\u5a5a\u59fb\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7684&#8221;\uff0c\u8fd9\u770b\u4f3c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u51fa\u4e8e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5728\u8868\u8fbe\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u611f\u3002\u8fd9\u53e5\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5728\u8868\u8fbe\uff1a&#8221;\u540c\u6027\u604b\u5a5a\u59fb\uff1f\u5478\uff01\u6076\u5fc3\uff01&#8221;\u3002\u90a3\u5982\u679c\u662f\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\uff0c&#8221;\u540c\u6027\u604b\u5a5a\u59fb\u662f\u5bf9\u7684&#8221;\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5728\u8868\u8fbe\uff1a&#8221;\u540c\u6027\u604b\u5a5a\u59fb\uff0c\u597d\u8036\uff01&#8221;\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u9762\u54ea\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7406\u6027\uff1f\u5168\u90fd\u662f\u60c5\u7eea\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u611f\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5c31\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f1a\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u8bf4\u597d\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u8bf4\u4e0d\u597d\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u4e24\u4e2a\u600e\u4e48&#8221;\u63b0\u626f&#8221;\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fbe\u6210\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4f60\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6709\u5dee\u5f02\u5417\uff1f\u4e0d\u662f\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u600e\u4e48&#8221;\u63b0\u626f&#8221;\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fbe\u6210\u4e00\u81f4\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u4eec\u4fe9\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u5168\u90fd\u662f\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u800c\u60c5\u7eea\u7684\u4e8b\u672c\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u9053\u7406\u80fd\u63b0\u626f\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u3002\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u559c\u6b22\u5403\u751c\u8c46\u8150\u8111\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u559c\u6b22\u5403\u54b8\u8c46\u8150\u8111\uff0c\u8fd9\u5b8c\u5168\u5c31\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u504f\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u68ee\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f53\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u6b67\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u5173\u4e8e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u6709\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u8981\u4e48\u4e3a\u771f\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u4e3a\u5047\uff0c\u662f\u9053\u7406\u80fd&#8221;\u63b0\u626f&#8221;\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5206\u6b67\u662f\u6001\u5ea6\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u60c5\u62a5\u4ee5\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u6001\u5ea6\u65e0\u6240\u8c13\u771f\u5047\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u662f\u5426\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u6001\u5ea6\u8981\u4e48\u6211\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u4f60\u6ee1\u8db3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e24\u79cd\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u6b67Two kinds of disagreement<br>1.\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5206\u6b67\uff08Disagreement in Belief\uff09<br>2.\u6001\u5ea6\u5206\u6b67\uff08Disagreement in Attitude\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u4e0e\u5458\u5de5\u4e4b\u95f4\u5c31\u662f\u5426\u8981\u6da8\u5de5\u8d44\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u6709\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u6001\u5ea6\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u516c\u53f8\u4e0d\u60f3\u6da8\u5de5\u8d44\uff0c\u800c\u5458\u5de5\u60f3\u6da8\u5de5\u8d44\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u8fd9\u4e5f\u6d89\u53ca\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u5458\u5de5\u5bf9\u516c\u53f8\u76c8\u5229\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u53d1\u653e\u5de5\u8d44\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u516c\u53f8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eca\u5e74\u516c\u53f8\u603b\u4f53\u76c8\u5229\u4e0b\u964d\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u5458\u5de5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u516c\u53f8\u4eca\u5e74\u76c8\u5229\u662f\u63d0\u5347\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u90a3\u5728\u540c\u65f6\u6d89\u53ca\u4e24\u79cd\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u68ee\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u6001\u5ea6\u5206\u6b67\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e48\u8bf4\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u60f3\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u53cc\u65b9\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u65b9\u9762\u8fbe\u6210\u4e86\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6446\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bb2\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\u8fbe\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u5206\u6b67\u80fd\u5c31\u6b64\u89e3\u51b3\u5417\uff1f\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u4eca\u5e74\u516c\u53f8\u662f\u5426\u76c8\u5229\u4e0a\u6da8\u4e86\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6446\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bb2\u9053\u7406\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u6210\u529f\u8bf4\u670d\u5458\u5de5\uff0c\u6211\u53f8\u4eca\u5e74\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u7387\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u53bb\u5e74\u90a3\u6837\u662f30%\uff0c\u800c\u4e0b\u964d\u5230\u4e8615%\uff0c\u90a3\u53cc\u65b9\u5c31\u662f\u5426\u8981\u6da8\u5de5\u8d44\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u5c31\u4f1a\u7ec8\u6b62\u5417\uff1f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u6401\u7f6e\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4e8b\u5b9e\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\uff0c&#8221;\u629b\u5f00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0d\u8c08&#8221;\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u516c\u53f8\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u7ed9\u5458\u5de5\u6da8\u5de5\u8d44\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u5347\u5fe0\u8bda\u5ea6\u548c\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u4eca\u5e74\u76c8\u5229\u662f\u5426\u4e0b\u964d\u4e86\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u5bf9\u5458\u5de5\u8bf4\uff1a&#8221;\u597d\uff01\u6da8\u5de5\u8d44\uff01\u6211\u7231\u4f60\u4eec\u3002&#8221;\u90a3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u6b67\u5c31\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b80\u5355\u8bf4\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u95ee\u9898\u8bf4\u5230\u5e95\u4e0d\u662f\u8111\u888b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c41\u80a1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5c41\u80a1\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u7406\u6027\u6709\u5173\u5417\uff1f\u662f\u80fd\u8bb2\u6e05\u695a\u9053\u7406\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u8bb2\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u9053\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u5c41\u80a1\u95ee\u9898\u8bb2\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a&#8221;\u60c5&#8221;\u5b57\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f60\u5982\u679c\u548c\u522b\u4eba\u6709\u5206\u6b67\u4e86\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u9762\u5bf9\u4f60\u7684\u7537\u670b\u53cb\u6216\u5973\u670b\u53cb\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4f60\u522b\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u8ddf\u4eba\u6446\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3001\u8bb2\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u4f01\u56fe\u7528\u6653\u4e4b\u4ee5\u7406\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8bf4\u670d\u5bf9\u65b9\uff0c\u8fd8\u505a\u4e86800\u9875PPT\uff0c\u62ff\u51fa\u4e2a\u5c0f\u9ed1\u677f\u753b\u601d\u7ef4\u5bfc\u56fe\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u53c8\u662f\u6f14\u7ece\u6cd5\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u5957\u4e00\u5957\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u628a\u5bf9\u65b9\u8bf4\u7684\u54d1\u53e3\u65e0\u8a00\u3002\u4f60\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u89e3\u51b3\u5206\u6b67\u4e86\uff1f\u5f53\u4f60\u4ee5\u4e3a\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u8bb2\u9053\u7406\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u80fd\u89e3\u51b3\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4f60\u4eec\u79bb\u5206\u624b\u4e0d\u8fdc\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u68ee\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u5206\u6b67\u6839\u672c\u662f\u6ca1\u6cd5\u7528\u7406\u6027\u8bf4\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bf4\u5230\u5e95\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5c31\u662f\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u68ee\u8fd8\u4ece\u8bed\u8a00\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u8be0\u91ca\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u60c5\u611f\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u68ee\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u5f80\u5f80\u5177\u6709\u4e24\u5c42\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4e00\u5c42\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u5c42\u662f\u60c5\u611f\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u68ee\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u60c5\u611f\u610f\u4e49\u624d\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u8981\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u66f4\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u4e24\u5c42\u610f\u4e49The meaning of moral judgement<br>1.\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u610f\u4e49\uff08descriptive meaning\uff09<br>2.\u60c5\u611f\u610f\u4e49\uff08emotive meaning\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u610f\u4e49\uff1f\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\u6216\u8005\u90a3\u4e48\u505a\u662f\u5584\u7684\u3001\u597d\u7684\u3001\u516c\u6b63\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u505c\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u5b83\u591a\u4e48\u5584\uff0c\u591a\u4e48\u597d\u3002\u4f46\u5f80\u5f80\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\u4f1a\u642d\u8f7d\u5230\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u611f\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u3002\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u60c5\u611f\u610f\u4e49\uff1f\u5c31\u662f&#8221;\u6211\u540c\u610f\u8fd9\u4e2a\uff01&#8221;\u3001&#8221;\u6211\u559c\u6b22\u8fd9\u4e2a\uff01&#8221;\u3001&#8221;\u6211\u5c31\u8981\u8fd9\u4e48\u5e72\uff01&#8221;\u3001&#8221;\u6211\u4e5f\u8981\u4f60\u6765\u8fd9\u4e48\u5e72\uff01&#8221;\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u68ee\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u611f\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u5176\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u6211\u529d\u5bfc\u3002\u4f60\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u505c\u5730\u505a\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u6765\u4e0d\u505c\u5730\u544a\u8bc9\u81ea\u5df1\u5e94\u8be5\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u56e0\u6b64\u4f60\u4e5f\u5e0c\u671b\u522b\u4eba\u8ddf\u4f60\u4e00\u6837\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\u3002\u4f60\u63cf\u8ff0\u5f88\u591a\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\u516c\u6b63\u3001\u90a3\u4e48\u505a\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\uff0c\u5f52\u6839\u7ed3\u5e95\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86&#8221;PUA&#8221;\u6211\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u6309\u7167\u4f60\u7684\u613f\u671b\u53bb\u884c\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bf4\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u610f\u4e49\u6bd4\u8d77\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u610f\u4e49\u66f4\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u610f\u4e49\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u542b\u6df7\u7684\uff0c\u6697\u793a\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u660e\u6240\u4ee5\u7684\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\u5728\u516c\u53f8\u5f00\u4f1a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u8ba9\u79d8\u4e66\u505a\u4e86800\u9875PPT\u8ddf\u4f60\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e48\u8bb0\u8d26\u662f\u597d\u7684\u3001\u5584\u7684\u3001\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u4f60\u8bf4\uff0c&#8221;\u505c\u505c\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u4f60\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u8d5e\u6210\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e48\u53bb\u505a\uff1f&#8221;\u9886\u5bfc\u8bf4\uff0c&#8221;\u6211\u53ef\u6ca1\u8bf4\u6211\u8d5e\u6210\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u554a\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u6027\u3001\u4e2d\u7acb\u3001\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e0a\u53bb\u79d1\u666e\u4e00\u4e0b\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\u662f\u597d\u7684\u3001\u5584\u7684\u3001\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u3002&#8221;\u5f00\u4f1a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u540c\u5fd7\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u8ddf\u8c1c\u8bed\u4eba\u4f3c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u610f\u4e49\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u610f\u601d\u542b\u6df7\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u610f\u4e49\u5219\u662f\u5341\u5206\u5e72\u8106\u7684\u3002\u5c31\u6ca1\u90a3\u4e48\u591a\u5e9f\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ed5\u4ec0\u4e48\u5f2f\u5b50\uff1a\u6211\u60f3\u8981\u8fd9\u6837\uff01\u5c31\u8fd9\u4e48\u5e72\uff01\u6211\u8d5e\u6210\u8fd9\u4e2a\uff01\u6211\u8981\u4f60\u4e5f\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff01\u610f\u601d\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u786e\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u542b\u6df7\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u68ee\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u60c5\u611f\u610f\u4e49\u624d\u662f\u66f4\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u7684\uff0c\u8bf4\u5230\u5e95\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u611f\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u68ee\u7684\u610f\u601d\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u770b\u4f3c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u60c5\u611f\u8868\u8fbe\uff1b\u5728\u8bed\u4e49\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e5\u5e38\u8bf4\u4e8b\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u8bf4\u4e8b\u60c5\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u8868\u8fbe\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u4f60\u771f\u7684\u5728\u610f\u4f60\u8bf4\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u672c\u8eab\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u4f60\u4e0d\u5728\u4e4e\u7684\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u4e8b\u5b9e\u600e\u6837\uff0c\u4f60\u5728\u60c5\u611f\u4e0a\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u65e9\u5c31\u6709\u5b9a\u8bba\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u60c5\u611f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u6216\u8005\u5eb7\u5fb7\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u7406\u6027\u5bf9\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u7a76\u5176\u6839\u672c\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u53d1\u81ea\u672c\u80fd\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u56de\u5230\u90a3\u4e24\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u611f\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u6027\u3001\u4e2d\u7acb\u3001\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u666e\u4e16\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u60c5\u611f\u8868\u8fbe\u662f\u9053\u7406\u8bb2\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u611f\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6709\u4eba\u559c\u6b22\u5403\u751c\u8c46\u8150\u8111\u6709\u4eba\u559c\u6b22\u5403\u54b8\u8c46\u8150\u8111\u4e00\u6837\u662f\u56e0\u4eba\u800c\u5f02\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e94\u5f53\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\uff1f\u5728\u60c5\u611f\u4e3b\u4e49\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u9075\u4ece\u9053\u5fb7\u5c31\u662f\u54cd\u5e94\u81ea\u5df1\u5185\u5fc3\u7684\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u672c\u6765\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u9053\u91d1\u65af\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5199\u8fc7\u4e00\u90e8\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u540d\u8457\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5404\u79cd\u751f\u7269\u7269\u79cd\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0b\u8fdb\u5316\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e&#8221;\u9053\u5fb7\u8d77\u6e90&#8221;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u8005\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8bf4\u9053\u5fb7\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u8fdb\u5316\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4eba\u7c7b\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\uff1f\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u4e0e\u7e41\u884d\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5b83\u5c31\u88ab\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7b5b\u9009\u4e0b\u6765\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u8fdb\u5316\uff1f\u8fd9\u5c31\u8981\u56de\u987e\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2d\u5b66\u751f\u7269\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e86\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6f14\u5316\uff08Evolution\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u6982\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e3\u53f7\u6765\u6982\u62ec\u2014\u2014&#8221;\u7269\u7ade\u5929\u62e9\uff0c\u9002\u8005\u751f\u5b58\uff08Survival of the Fittest\uff09&#8221;\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u73af\u5883\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u5404\u79cd\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u81ea\u8eab\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u5404\u79cd\u57fa\u56e0\u53d8\u5f02\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u53d8\u5f02\u90fd\u662f\u5076\u7136\u7684\u3001\u65e0\u76ee\u7684\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u65b9\u5411\u7684\uff0c\u4f1a\u53d8\u5316\u6210\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u6837\u6001\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0d\u80fd\u9002\u5e94\u73af\u5883\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u7b5b\u9009\u51fa\u5c40\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u9002\u5e94\u73af\u5883\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4f1a\u88ab\u9009\u62e9\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u3001\u9057\u4f20\u5e76\u4e14\u653e\u5927\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u4ebf\u4e07\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u661f\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5e78\u5b58\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u751f\u547d\u90fd\u7279\u522b\u9002\u5e94\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u663e\u5f97\u751f\u673a\u52c3\u52c3\u7684\u6837\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u6545\u610f\u8981\u628a\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u7b5b\u9009\u5f97\u9002\u5e94\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u683c\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u53ea\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8bd5\u9519\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u78b0\u5de7\u80fd\u9002\u5e94\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u53d8\u5f02\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u4fdd\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u5c31\u88ab\u7b5b\u9009\u51fa\u5c40\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4eba\u7c7b\u80fd\u591f\u5b58\u6d3b\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5c31\u662f\u8fd0\u6c14\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u6211\u4eec\u89c9\u5f97\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u597d\u50cf\u6545\u610f\u5b89\u6392\u6211\u4eec\u6f14\u5316\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e78\u5b58\u8005\u504f\u5dee\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u5b9e\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e8b\u540e\u8bf8\u845b\u4eae\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6027\u72b6\uff08Phenotypic 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Selection\uff09\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4eba\u7c7b\u4f1a\u65e0\u79c1\u5730\u5e2e\u52a9\u522b\u4eba\u3002\u5e2e\u52a9\u54ea\u4e9b\u4eba\uff1f\u5e2e\u52a9\u90a3\u4e9b\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u57fa\u56e0\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u9ad8\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6bd4\u5982\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4f1a\u65e0\u79c1\u5730\u629a\u517b\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u6551\u5b69\u5b50\u800c\u727a\u7272\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u518d\u6bd4\u5982\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u843d\u96be\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u65e0\u79c1\u5730\u5e2e\u4e00\u628a\uff0c\u800c\u6bd4\u8d77\u8ddf\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u8840\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u964c\u751f\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u613f\u610f\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u3001\u7236\u6bcd\u554a\u3001\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\uff0c\u8ddf\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u9ad8\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u6bd4\u8d77\u5802\u8868\u5144\u5f1f\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u613f\u610f\u5e2e\u52a9\u4eb2\u5144\u5f1f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eb2\u5144\u5f1f\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u662f50%\uff0c\u800c\u5802\u8868\u5144\u5f1f\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u5219\u5c0f\u4e8e\u7b49\u4e8e12.5%\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u970d\u5c14\u4e39\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff1a&#8221;\u6211\u613f\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eb2\u5144\u5f1f\u6216\u8005\u516b\u4e2a\u5802\u5144\u5f1f\u4e24\u808b\u63d2\u5200\u3002&#8221;\u610f\u601d\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eb2\u5144\u5f1f\u6389\u6cb3\u91cc\u9762\u6211\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u8df3\u4e0b\u6c34\u6551\u4ed6\uff0c\u4f46\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eb2\u5144\u5f1f\u52a0\u8d77\u6765\u5c31\u4f1a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eb2\u5144\u5f1f\u52a0\u8d77\u6765\u5c31\u548c\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86100%\u3002\u90a3\u5982\u679c\u662f\u5802\u5144\u5f1f\u6389\u6cb3\u91cc\uff0c\u5f97\u51d1\u9f50\u516b\u4e2a\u5802\u5144\u5f1f\u6211\u624d\u4f1a\u8df3\u4e0b\u6c34\u6551\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u8fd9\u8bdd\u8bf4\u7684\u6709\u70b9\u5f00\u73a9\u7b11\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u970d\u5c14\u4e39\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u6c49\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\u7684\u4eb2\u7f18\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4f1a\u505a\u51fa\u5229\u4ed6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u8bf4\u5230\u5e95\u8fd8\u662f\u9053\u91d1\u65af\u8bf4\u7684&#8221;\u81ea\u79c1\u7684\u57fa\u56e0&#8221;\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u7684\u5229\u4ed6\u884c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u4eb2\u7f18\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5c31\u6ca1\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e2e\u52a9\u90a3\u4e9b\u6beb\u65e0\u8840\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u7684\u89c1\u4e49\u52c7\u4e3a\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u65e9\u5e74\u95f4\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u7531\u6765\u4e0e\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u300b\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u8fc7\u4e00\u79cd\u7fa4\u4f53\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\uff08Group Selection\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u6f14\u5316\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e92\u60e0\u5229\u4ed6\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u672c\u80fd\uff0c\u4f1a\u53bb\u5e2e\u52a9\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u8bba\u4ed6\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u8840\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5c31\u50cf\u4e0a\u6587\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u672c\u80fd\uff0c\u90a3\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u5c31\u7ec4\u4e0d\u4e86\u7fa4\uff0c\u5c31\u6ca1\u6cd5\u5c55\u5f00\u6709\u6548\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7956\u5148\u4f1a\u88ab\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u6dd8\u6c70\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4eba\u6279\u8bc4\u8bf4\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4eb2\u7f18\u9009\u62e9\u8fd8\u662f\u7fa4\u4f53\u9009\u62e9\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u672c\u80fd\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u624d\u4f1a\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e92\u60e0\u5229\u4ed6\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u72d7\u5988\u5988\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u5c0f\u72d7\uff0c\u5de5\u8702\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\u8702\u738b\u548c\u866b\u5375\u800c\u727a\u7272\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5438\u8840\u8759\u8760\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5410\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u5438\u7684\u8840\u5206\u7ed9\u90a3\u4e9b\u6ca1\u6709\u98df\u7269\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u6210\u5458\u5171\u4eab\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e92\u60e0\u5229\u4ed6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u51ed\u672c\u80fd\u4e5f\u80fd\u505a\u5230\uff0c\u8c08\u4e0d\u5230\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u8005\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5728\u5e95\u5c42\u4e0a\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5229\u4ed6\u884c\u4e3a\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u4e3a\u6bd4\u4e00\u822c\u52a8\u7269\u66f4\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6709\u751f\u7269\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6587\u5316\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u2014\u2014\u6587\u5316\u9009\u62e9\uff08Culture 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class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f1a\u8bae\u603b\u7ed3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u6b21\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u6458\u8981\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<br>\u795e\u547d\u8bba\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5f8b\u4ee4\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219\u662f\u5929\u7ecf\u5730\u4e49\u3002<br>\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u4ee5\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u534f\u5b9a\u3002<br>\u60c5\u611f\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u4eba\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u672c\u80fd\u3002<br>\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u5b58\u7e41\u884d\u800c\u88ab\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7b5b\u9009\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u6027\u72b6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u8981\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e86\u89e3\u8be6\u60c5\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\uff1a<br>\u25c6Saint Thomas, Aquinas. Commentary on Aristotle&#8217;s Nicomachean Ethics. Dumb Ox Books,1993.<br>\u25c6\u970d\u5e03\u65af \u8457\uff0c\u300a\u5229\u7ef4\u5766\u300b\uff0c\u9ece\u601d\u590d\/\u9ece\u5ef7\u5f3c\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\uff0c1985\u5e74\u3002<br>\u25c6Gauthier, D. P. (1987). Morals by Agreement. Clarendon Press.<br>\u25c6Boisvert, Daniel and Teemu Toppinen, &#8220;Charles Leslie Stevenson&#8221;, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).<br>\u25c6\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u9053\u91d1\u65af \u8457\uff0c\u300a\u81ea\u79c1\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u300b\uff0c\u5362\u5141\u4e2d\/\u5f20\u5cb1\u4e91\/\u9648\u590d\u52a0\/\u7f57\u5c0f\u821f\/\u53f6\u76db\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u4fe1\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2019\u5e74\u3002<br>\u25c6\u5f90\u5411\u4e1c \u8457\uff0c\u300a\u81ea\u6211\u3001\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\uff0c2007\u5e74\u3002<br>\u25c6Ruse M. (2008). The Biological Sciences can Act as a Ground for Ethics\uff3bM\uff3d.In Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology. Wiley-Blackwell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6b22\u8fce\u4f60\u4e5f\u540c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u53c2\u4e0e\u5230\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u53d1\u8868\u5b8c\u4e86\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u8f6e\u5230\u4f60\u6765\u53d1\u8a00\u4e86\uff0c\u8bf7\u6295\u51fa\u4f60\u7684\u4e00\u7968\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u7559\u8a00\u533a\u53d1\u8868\u4f60\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff01<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e3b\u4eba\u6536\u85cf\u7684\u8fd9\u7bc7\u63a2\u8ba8\u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u201d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4ece\u795e\u547d\u8bba\u3001\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u4e3b\u4e49\u5230\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u68b3\u7406\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u5584\u6076\u6807\u51c6\u666e\u4e16\u6027\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u6839\u57fa\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u7406\u8bba\u4ea4\u950b\u3002\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u4ee5\u751f\u52a8\u7684\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u6848\u4f8b\u5207\u5165\uff0c\u5f15\u5bfc\u8bfb\u8005\u601d\u8003\u201c\u4eba\u4e3a\u4f55\u5e94\u5f53\u9053\u5fb7\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6839\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9435","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-12"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fanyiming.life\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9435","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fanyiming.life\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fanyiming.life\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fanyiming.life\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fanyiming.life\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9435"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/fanyiming.life\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9435\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13878,"href":"https:\/\/fanyiming.life\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9435\/revisions\/13878"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fanyiming.life\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9435"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fanyiming.life\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9435"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fanyiming.life\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9435"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}